PRE-COLONIAL Nigerian economy: DYNAMIC or stagnation?

Introduction

It has been seen by some writers Eurocentric that pre-colonial West African economy was stagnant, subsistence and lacked real state of the market before British colonization. This argument arises from some anthropological insights (in terms substantivalist) the main sector of the economy was basically subsistence agriculture, that had become stagnant as a result of the application of simple technology, without qualifications organized. Production target is said that to ensure human existence with little or no change as a result of limited OUTPUT1. To this point of view, the simple and non-industrial region, as African societies pre-colonial West lacked some necessary prerequisite for a market economy and as such, in economic terms and theories should not apply to structure2 explain your financial situation.

The study therefore intends to unravel the pre-colonial indigenous Nigerian economy both in scope and structure and attempts to demonstrate the dynamic and real state owned high-level market, given its characteristics. The study is divided into three main segments – the general character of an economic system, the structure of the pre-colonial Nigerian economy and the justification of the Nigerian economy precolonial as a dynamic and market-driven economy. A market economy is that in which decision making is decentralized, ie issues market are mainly determined by market forces, ie demand and supply. This is unlike the command economy in which decentralized decision making and controlled by an authority in March. In every economic system, there are three basic economic functions, regardless of the nature, type and level of government or economy4. These are, what and how much to produce, how it is produced and for whom he produced. These imply that any economic system is in charge of production, distribution consumption of goods and services. Every economic system is linked to a political system through which people decide what their wishes of society.

A key role of any economic system is coordination. You should see that individual decisions about what they do is coordinated with the company wants and what other individuals do. This coordination includes, moral, social and political, economic integration ensures that what an individual wants to not exceed than are available in the society5. This partly explains why there is an economic system that can operate successfully outside the socio-cultural context of their environment Indian.

Given this context, it would be paid to examine the structure and scope of the precolonial Nigerian economy. The main dock and cable life all societies are mostly referred to as its economic and human potential. Nigeria will not take exception to this universal rule. The kingdoms, states and empires that existed in pre-colonial Nigeria were large and prosperous not only by the sound of their political and social institutions, but also as a result of natural resources abundant, such as agriculture, trade and crafts. A careful observation of the terrain and climate of Nigeria reveals the diversity of its natural potential resulting the economic viability and a variety of occupations. The structure of the Nigerian economy precolonial and basically rested largely on the nature of the vegetation, housework and the main components are agricultural activities, handicrafts, trade, and transportation system.

 

Agriculture

Agriculture is a primary economic activity in Nigeria, which form the livelihood of people and a strong factor for the emergence of states and empires as the case everywhere in the world. In the words of Evans – Pritchards "the first evolution that transformed the human economy gave man control over their own food supply, people began to plant, grow and improve the selection of herbs, roots and trees "6. This economic progress has been described as "Neolithic Revolution." As in modern times, in pre-colonial Nigeria, a major determinant for the election of the solution was the availability of favorable climate, free from epidemics, fertile land suitable for cultivation and grazing, coastal environmental friendly for fishing and safety as the absence of war and other disasters, natural and supernatural. When these factors are lacking, people resort to migration in search of habitable accommodation areas. Given these phenomena, the reasons for crop rotation planting in agriculture, grazing and roaming normadism in fisheries could be understood. In other words, environmental factors play a role in human settlement7.

The form of agriculture practiced and the crops that were determined by the nature soil and terrain of the region. The shift cultivation and crop rotation characterizes the agricultural practices in pre-colonial Nigeria, mainly due to practice land tenure and lack of knowledge of highly mechanized agriculture. There were problems such as natural erosion, drought, pests and diseases. These problems were addressed at the local level, depending on the different communities. For example, the traps will be overcome to birds and vermin on farms and also channels was dug to drain water to check the flood. Wetting of drought during the farm had been an ancient agricultural practice among Nigerians. All these practices were not necessarily influenced by the conservation, seen by some Western observers, but the most effective and proper maintenance of fertility soil and evaluation of the economic situation period8

In pre-colonial Nigeria, farmers relied on instruments like the hoe, hoe, machete and sickle. The common crops produced on the basis of territorial specialization including, yams, okra, vegetables, corn, taro, cassava, banana, bananas and oil palm9 kolanuts. Independent growth and the age of agriculture in Africa and Nigeria in particular has been strongly demonstrated by some historians of the African economy. Among them was Murdock, an anthropologist who argued that agriculture began in the Upper Niger to speaking peoples Hispanic 5000BC10 Mende basing their research on the cultivation of yams in this region. Although no one can doubt the great antiquity of agriculture in Nigeria, we must not on the same note rule out the possibility of cultivation of yams and other crops in advance or the full period (5000BC), in other parts of Nigeria. It is interesting to note that diffusionist theory and Hamitic hypothesis that tend to argue that all events in Africa are imported have been shown not by the nature of development agriculture in the sub-regions11. While it is undeniable that some crops were introduced from other areas to Nigeria, It is clear that agriculture in Nigeria developed naturally and independently, without foreign mechanism12. He later introduced the goal is complementary to the existing system.

 

Fisheries hunting and grazing

 

Fishing

Fishing is an economic activity in the former Nigeria. Its activities cover both coastal and inland waterways and had a tremendous economic value to the pre-colonial Nigerians13. The fish was one of the articles most important of commodity trade in Nigeria. Fish of various types are well dried in the sun or smoked to preserve them for long or short market14. Fresh fish is said to be marketed primarily in the areas of short distance, due to the perishable nature and the problem of the storage facility. fishing characterized by professional crafts and special skills, such as boat, canoe, paddle, float, float and net construction with the invention of a variety of fishing techniques and indigenous arts. Fishing in Nigeria to date precolonial migration generates the highest number of its practitioners would have to leave their homes home for better prospects elsewhere15. Fishing migration rate was very prominent among the Ilaje, Izon, Itsekiri, Efik, Jukun, Ijebu, Awori etc. In the pre-colonial To date, the Ilaje is said to have been the most migratory, celebrities and professionals, both in inland and offshore fishing, not only in Nigeria but in West and Central Africa16. Around the 16th century, the fishing is said to be practiced with rudimentary techniques, tools and materials such as raffia, wood and pasture with very limited notice scope17. By the late 18th century to 19th century, the majority of Nigerian fishermen had begun to develop fishing gear and improved techniques such as clapnets, castnets, ita, egho, asuras, ojijon, Agada, ighee, iyanma, ekobi ufo, RIRO, 18 etc fishing economy of Nigeria was at this stage of progressive development on the eve of British colonization.

Hunting

Hunting can be considered as one of the first economic activities in the pre-colonial Nigeria. It was very important because, many people relied on agriculture for their economic survival in a stage of economic development. However, over time, hunting became of interest to complement agriculture19. Hunting in Nigeria during this period was several levels. At a lower level, game included placing ties for birds, young animals, like squirrels, monkeys, lawn mowers, gators, etc. Another level is the hunting of large animals such as crocodiles, elephant, boar, antelope, etc. It was and perhaps still, the belief in most local communities in Nigeria that hunting, especially at higher level, in addition special skills involving the use of charms and the possession of supernatural powers20. Hunting was a reliable source of meat and animal skin fabric, shoes and drum decision. In addition to its economic value, was a means by which the foot paths and settlements were created before the advent of the European way of road construction and the resolution of the city. Consequently, these roads and villages later became roads, cities and towns. Hunter served as security guards by protecting people from attacks by enemies or wild animals. Hunters also provides animals and their special pieces that have medicinal value practitioners21 between indigenous medicine. Additional hunting was the harvest. Collection of the variety of berries was an economic enterprise for some people, especially women in pre-colonial societies in Nigeria. Fruits and spices are important for food and herbal medicine, therefore, demand has been and remains elevated until the date in the local Nigerian market places22.

 

 

Pastoralism

This was another economic practices in pre-colonial Nigeria. This is the breeding of animals, especially cattle cattle, goat and sheep in commercial quantities going from a fertile land to another. As a result of the infestation of the forest region by the tsetse fly and lack of open ground in the south, even with the nature of the plains, wetlands, the presence of rivers and streams in the coastal region and the presence of open spaces in the north, grazing was practiced mainly by the Fulani in the northern savanna region Nigeria22. Both grazing and hunting are related to agricultural crops and all direct or indirectly dealing with animals. Although mixed farming was not widespread, some form of symbiosis between farmers and the postoralists. For example, excrement made livestock manure to land that once supported its growth in crops, while the postoralists depended for food crops of the peasants. On the other The production of cattle was a source of beef for the forest dwellers, workers demanded the skin to produce leather shoes, bags, shield for war, arrow quivers, harnesses etc horses23 Kano in northern Nigeria was renowned for the qualifications. Pastoral activities are of immense economic value in pre-colonial Nigeria.

 

Crafts

A discussion on the development craft among pre-colonial Nigerian requires a description of their arts and industries at different levels. The major arts and works of art in which Nigerians were celebrities including the extraction of salt, soap, metal work, wood and fabric of the activities. This huge development reminds us how far indigenous technology has advanced in Nigeria in the pre-colonial period. It is evident that iron technology has developed considerably in pre-colonial Nigeria and crafts and manufactures revolutionized in Nigeria and Africa24 done.

Salt production was one of the mineral extraction, which was not available in most areas, but an important product locally is required and a foreign import product merchants25. In pre-colonial Nigeria, production salt in large numbers, of course, was limited to coastal areas due to the availability of raw materials such as salt water. The production method was the evaporation seawater, either by boiling or sunbathing. Among coastal residents in Nigeria, especially the Ilaje, Itsekiri and Ijaw, the process by collecting seawater a big pot of baked clay until it dries, leaving solid white substance on the bottom. This is collected with a small basket to filter dirt26. As remained was the salt that could be largely free of impurities. This industrial activity improves growth of trade between the inhabitants of the coast and the interior of pre-colonial Nigeria. In the inland region as well, the salt is said to be produced in such a relatively small amount especially among the region Jukun Benue and the Igbo of This Nigeria27.

Closely related to this pre-colonial economic enterprise was the production of soap. This is done mainly by settlers Nigerian region of the forest. The main raw materials for the production of soap was palm oil and ash. These would be boiled together and molded28. In pre-colonial Nigeria, for example, several types of soap were produced. In addition to domestic and commercial uses, soap, medicines were also value29. La dudu Ose (black soap) among the Yoruba, for example, is still used to date for these purposes.

Two important aspects of pre-colonial Nigeria crafts that deserve attention in this study are metal and wood. A careful study of the history of Nigeria would reveal that, of all trades, iron was more meaningful work for economic and political development in the pre-colonial period. The Iron Age was the period in which the Nigerians began to dominate and actively manage their environment. The discovery of iron led to the manufacture of iron tools such as hoes, knives, swords, spears, axes, and these influenced in greater productivity in handicrafts, agriculture, fisheries and hunting30. Apart from the economic revolution caused by the iron foundry, also equipped most leaders more power and greater political will. For example, the possession of iron weapons military influence growth and the subjugation of weaker communities by ones31 strong. The entry of iron to Nigeria led to the black wrought throughout the region. The earliest evidence of iron smelting in West Africa was Nok a village in central Nigeria, northeast of the junction of the rivers Niger and Benue and southwest of Jos Pleateau32. The Yoruba, Igbo (especially people Awka) and Uneme (in Benin) were works in iron smelting technology in pre-colonial era. The Uneme, for example, is said to have developed before C1370 black iron and iron is said to have played important role in trade, as it was used as a medium of exchange (local currency) 33.

An important mineral production in pre-colonial Nigeria was gold. Gold was mined, is consumed locally and exported. It has more economic value than other products, as it was mostly a foreign article earning34. In pre-colonial period, Benin and Ile Ife, were famous for bronze casting and reputable production facilities existing in Jos Plateau tin and zinc in the lower part of the Niger and Benue Rivers35. However, it is important to note that production was hampered by the high level of art of wood of the symbolic cultural value.

Ife and Benin had been considered the most famous West African States in the use of brass and bronze. In the ability, quality and beauty, the ancient bronzes of Benin are said to have equaled those produced anywhere in the world43. It was alleged by some writers once Nigerians both Nigerian art cast bronze and natural use to represent human figures and animals were imported by Europeans, whether legitimate or through smuggling. If this was real, indicate that the art of Nigeria has reached an admirable and enviable position of world standard before the advent of imported technology. The fundamental point of view to be accepted is that, while EU imports of brass and bronze Nigeria completed artistic production, both the works of Nigeria in these alloys are above the arrival of Portuguese in the 15th century44.

Studies have shown that naturalistic figures had been found in the Chad region in the burial sites So before the 15th century. Furthermore, it is known that primitive peoples have worked in bronze and brass had produced similar figures in other media. The ancient village Nok for example, produced replicas of human heads and animals of great artistic merit and value, and stylized motifs in wood, clay, gold and ivory45.

Trade and transport system is also related to growth and development of precolonial Nigerian economy. The people of Nigeria has been organized at both regional and interregional trade based on regional specialization of production that involves the practice of the principle of comparative cost advantage. They developed the transport system local land use (portage head) and streams (canoes) and some forms of media of exchange, such as barter, Manilla, brass, iron, copper and cowry shells46. Various states, empires and kingdoms in the precolonial Nigeria developed to prominence as a result of organized crime and trade media relatively good transport. Organization of market during this period was influenced largely by the abundant production of farm and nonfarm people. As a result of the variety of product offerings to market, there departmentalization of goods, order and the periodic market system in the states of Nigeria, as society47 pre-colonial Yoruba. However, poor transport system hampered mobility, production and distribution of goods and services, to some extent.

One could argue that since the production was beyond the family consumption and interregional exchange was based on territorial specialization, economy precolonial Nigeria was therefore beyond the subsistence level. It has also been argued that the organization of trans-Saharan trade and transatlantic in which Nigeria is an active participant in outlook48 was international.

It has been opined by some Western economists that the factors of production were not well coordinated and not was no division of labor or specialization in precolonial Nigerian economy. This seems false and misleading. In traditional African society, men and women are inherently special tasks assigned to different socioeconomic highlighting the sex (gender division of labor). The specialization was certainly applicable many parts of Nigeria, the economic activities. For example, coastal dwellers who specialized in repairing fishing nets took as an area specialization, while some people specialize in fishing (Oko-Odo Ota Ade-o), others were working inside or freshwater fishing (Eremia). In both areas of fishing, there are still many areas of special skills49. There is a saying among the Yoruba people fishing Niger Delta, "Oghomayi emayi" (skills and abilities vary from one person to another). This shows the degree to which specialization and the acquisition skills recognized in some societies pre-colonial Nigeria.

Work was crucial in the process of production and free labor was more Nigerian economic therefore, pre-colonial labor recruitment through their wives, children, slaves and family. In some cases, the job offer was through community assistance. A defensible reason for the marriage of many wives of men in Nigeria was to ensure adequate and steady supply of cheap labor. Adam Smith in his Wealth of Nations states that "a large family of children, rather than being a burden was a source of wealth and prosperity to the parents' 50. This strongly reinforces the philosophy economic polygany African practice.

system of land tenure practiced to meet the socio-economic needs of the time. True that land was abundant relative to population51 Nigeria. Capital was raised through personal savings, borrowing from friends, family, co-operatives (or egbe esusu) or family or community chest.

A vital factor in the structure of precolonial Nigerian economy was entrepreneurship. This is an important factor of production in any economy at any time. It would be paid to examine what an employer is in order to determine whether pre-colonial Nigerian really deserves quality. Some people think primarily of entrepreneurship as innovative, others think that it is essentially business leaders, other new place greater emphasis on its role as mobilizers and allocators capital52. Hosetitz further held that an employer is a business leader, who guides the action a private production company and who makes crucial decisions about the use of production factors in their earnings over the nature and style of the products or services occur, and on the timing and other aspects of production and marketing process53.

In the pre-colonial Nigeria, as in other parts of the world, other production factors such as capital, land and labor were organized and used effectively for production. It follows that all factors of production there would not be useful without entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs in precolonial Nigeria were the rulers, chiefs, magnates, warlords and other influential men and women who had enough wealth and power to mobilize other factors production54. For example, Kano potentates organized the production of leather work, Ijebu chiefs organized the production of textiles, Ilaje leaders organized the production of fish, Ikal leaders also organized the production of agricultural crops. Mrs. Tinubu of Ibadan Efunsetan Egbaland and women were also notable that the slaves organized their farms55. The distribution of goods are also made by entrepreneurs in Nigeria through the organization of long-distance market and cut bilaterally and multilaterally within and outside their regions.

While one can argue that most financial institutions and principles that are found in industrial societies have their equivalence in non-industrial or simple societies, such as pre-colonial Nigeria, it is essential to note that the factors of production and other elements in the structure of pre-colonial Nigerian economy such as agriculture and crafts had their quirks. Therefore, in order that the work of economic historian and the economist most significant selection for his audience, care and implementation of relevant financial terms and principles are imperative.

Conclusion

Given the general characteristics and numerous sub-sectoral components of the pre-colonial Nigerian economy is convincing evidence that the economy was progressive growth and receptive to innovation before colonization by Britain in the 19th century. The study has shown that the Nigerian economy was a system precolonial traditional Africa's economy in which production depends heavily on families, community efforts and professional groups or unions. It should be noted that this economic system traditional, which can be called "communalism" was inherently performed similarly in different autonomous regions of the geographical expression later known as Nigeria.

As a scientific analysis which refers to the value-free nature of the research, the positivist stand-point reinforces the claim that precolonial Nigerian economy was dynamic and market oriented. It is the position of this economic philosophy that the economic problem fundamental in any society, regardless of place and time in history, is to provide a set of rules for competition and channeling conflict resolution between individuals who can not meet all their needs, given the constraints of scarcity. It has been argued by Roger Leroy for example, that the objective of production throughout the ages in the world remains the same and human behavior to economic questions are universally similar56.

All these fundamental economic rules are said to be embedded in a formal framework of social institutions such as the laws and customs. The specific function of each economic system in any society would be to take care of the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services to create utility57. precolonial Nigerian economy therefore not be an exception to these rules and universal principles. This study is in the light of these characteristics shows that the precolonial Nigerian economy was dynamic, progressive and forward market.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NOTES AND REFERENCES

1. A detailed discussion and critique of substantivalist and formalist views could be found in Zeleza J. A recent economic history of Africa, vol. 1 (Senegal: CODESTRIA) 1993 Pp 15 -16.

2. See A. G Hopkins, an economic history West Africa: London: Longman, 5 -9.

3. Roger Leroy Miller, now the Economy, New York: Harper Collins College Publishers, 1996, 122.

4. Roger Leroy, Economics Today, p. 122.

5. David C. Colander, Economics: Sillinois Irwin Burr Ridge Boston, Massachusetts Sydney, Australia 1994, 60-62.

6. Stride G. T, C. Ifeka, peoples and empires of West Africa, (Hong Kong: Thomas Nelson, 1971, 158.

7. W S. Wooldridge and W. G East, the spirit and purpose of geography: London, Hutchinson & Co Publishers, 1951, 23 -24.

8. View Ogunremi G. Or "The structure of the economy precolonial P 16.

9. Ogunremi, "The structure of the economy precolonial P 16.

10. G. Murdock P, Africa, its people and its history Culture: London, 1959, p 64.

11. GO Ogunremi, P 15.

12. GO Ogunremi, P 15.

13. Ehinmore, OM "Fishing in South-western Nigeria in the 19th Century: A Study of Fisheries Economics Ilaje" African Studies Review UCA, Lagos, the first Academic Publishers, vol. 1, No. 1, 2002, 56.

14. See G. T Stride, C. Ifeka, People and Empires West Africa, Hong Kong: Thomas Nelson, 1971, p. 159.

15. Ayodeji Olukoju: "Fishing, migration and intergroup relations in the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic coast of West Africa) in the ages 19 and 20 "Itinerary, vol. XXV, European Journal of Overseas History P 70.

16. Ayodeji Olukoju, P 70.

17. Interviews with Kalejaye Eniola, fisherman, about 85yrs in Odonla, 05/20/2006.

18. Ehinmore, M. Omorele "A History Fishing in the State of Ondo, 1950 – 1997: A Case Study of Coastal Zone Ilaje "(M. A thesis at the University of Lagos, 1998), 1919-1924.

19. View GO Ogunremi, "The structure of the pre-colonial economy." 20

20. Personal interview with Odegbemi Ariyo, Hunter, 92yrs in Erinje, 05/10/2006.

21. Ariyo Odegbemi gave detailed value of the various types of animals and their special parts in the preparation of traditional medicine before and even after the introduction of orthodox medicine.

22. Personal interview with Odegbemi Ariyo.

23. GO Ogunremi, P 21.

24. W ANDAH Bassey, the Nigerian Technology Indigenous (Ibadan, University Press of Ibadan, 1992), pp 1-4.

25. See G. Stride T, C. Ifeka, P 159.

26. Interview Mejebi edema staff in Warri, 06.16.2006, 94yrs, a businessman-old fisherman. This fact was reinforced by Ehinmore Ajao, a historian of the palace and a bandmaster and of 06.10.2006, Mahin interviewed about 82yrs.

27. A. E Afigbo, "Economic Fundamentals of the Pre-colonial Igbo society" in I. A Akinjogbin and S. Osoba O (eds), Issues on Economic Social and Histor and Nigeria (Ile-Ife: University of Ife, 1980), P 15.

28. Stride GT, C. Ifeka, P 159.

29. See interview with Odegbemi Ariyo, 05/10/2006.

30. Dennis Williams: "An Outline History the "Tropical African Art," in José C. Kid A and Godfrey Brown (eds.), Africa in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, (Ibadan: University Press, 1966) Pp 60-65.

31. Nene and Godfrey Brown, P 60.

32. Thurston Shaw, "The Pre-history of West Africa" in J. E Ade Ajayi and Michael Crowder (Eds), History of West Africa, (London: Longman, 1971), P 69.

33. See Dennis Williams, "An outline of Tropical History African Art, African countries in the nineteenth and twentieth century, p. 65.

34. GO Ogunremi, p. 22.

35. Stride G. T, and Ifeka C., p. 161.

36. GT Stride and C. Ifeka p. 101.

37. Richard and Jon Lander, Journal of the expedition to explore the course and termination of the Niger (London: 1932), 197.

38. G. T-stride, and Ifeka C., p. 159.

39. NAI Intelligence Report Ilaje, Ondo Province, by RJM Curwen, file O. No D 119, 1937, p 35.

40. Personal interview with Fibilia Majofodun in Erek, 12/6/206, about 80yrs, a fishmonger and mat weaving.

41. Dennis Williams, P 70.

42. See Bassey, W. ANDAH for a detailed explanation of Construction Technology in Nigeria, pp 55-70.

43. Stride G. T, and Ifeka C., P 160.

44. Stride and Ifeka, P 160.

45. Stride and Ifeka, P 160.

46. Toyin Falola, "Trade and market Pre-Colonial Economy ", in G. and E. O Ogunremi Faluyi K (eds), An Economic History of West Africa since 1750, Pp 61-71.

47. Akinjogbin IA, "the economic basis of the Oyo Empire," in I. S. Akinjogbin Osoba O (eds), Issues in Social and Economic History of Nigeria Ife: University of Ife, 1980, pp 35-42.

48. E. E Evans-Pritchard, The Nuer: A description of lifestyles and Political Institutions of Nilotic People, Oxford, 1940, p 77.

49. For a detailed analysis of the different areas of specialization in OM Ehinmore fisheries, "Fishing in Southwest Nigeria in the 19th century: Study of the Economy Ilaje Fishing" Pp 58-62.

50. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations: London, 1901, Volume 1, p. 29, quoted in G. and E. O Ogunremi Faluyi K, An Economic History of West Africa since 1750, P 34.

51. GO Ogunremi "traditional factors of production in the pre-colonial economy in G. O and K Ogunremi Faluyi E. (eds) An Economic History of West Africa since 1750, P 33.

52. Hoselitz Bert F., "The Development of Entrepreneurs in Africa" E. F Jackson (ed), Economic Development in Africa, Oxford, 1965, p 86. Quoted in an Economic History of West Africa from 1750.

53. Hoselitz: "The Development of African entrepreneurs," p. 87.

54. Ogunremi G. Or, "The traditional factors of production" P. 39.

55. GO Ogunremi, p. 40.

56. Roger Leroy Miller, now the Economy, P. 122.

57. Roger Leroy Miller, P. 122.

About the Author

O. M EHINMORE

O. M Ehinmore is a Lecturer I in the Department of History and International Studies,

Adekunle Ajasin University,

Akungba-Akoko, P.M.B 001, Nigeria ,

West Africa

E-mail: ehinmore@yahoo.com

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